Transferência de Dados Speeds
Understanding Mbps, MB/s, e Connection Speeds
Learn o BasicsYour internet plan promises 500 Mbps. Your USB drive claims 5 Gbps. Your SSD spec sheet says 3,500 MB/s. O que do estes numbers actually mean in practice? Understanding data transfer speed unidades helps you compare technologies, estimate transfer times, e troubleshoot slow connections.
Understanding o Unidades
Bits Per Segundo (Network Speeds)
- bps: bits per segundo
- Kbps: kilobits per segundo (1,000 bps)
- Mbps: megabits per segundo (1,000,000 bps)
- Gbps: gigabits per segundo (1,000,000,000 bps)
Usado for: Internet speeds, network connections, streaming rates
Bytes Per Segundo (Storage Speeds)
- B/s: bytes per segundo
- KB/s: kilobytes per segundo (1,000 B/s)
- MB/s: megabytes per segundo (1,000,000 B/s)
- GB/s: gigabytes per segundo (1,000,000,000 B/s)
Usado for: File transfers, hard drive speeds, USB speeds
Velocidade Tabela de Conversão
| Megabits (Mbps) | Megabytes (MB/s) | Download 1 GB |
|---|---|---|
| 10 Mbps | 1.25 MB/s | ~14 minutes |
| 25 Mbps | 3.125 MB/s | ~5.5 minutes |
| 50 Mbps | 6.25 MB/s | ~2.7 minutes |
| 100 Mbps | 12.5 MB/s | ~1.3 minutes |
| 200 Mbps | 25 MB/s | ~40 seconds |
| 500 Mbps | 62.5 MB/s | ~16 seconds |
| 1 Gbps | 125 MB/s | ~8 seconds |
| 2.5 Gbps | 312.5 MB/s | ~3.2 seconds |
Internet Connection Speeds
| Connection Type | Typical Download Velocidade | Typical Upload Velocidade |
|---|---|---|
| DSL | 5-35 Mbps | 1-10 Mbps |
| Cable | 25-300 Mbps | 5-35 Mbps |
| Fiber | 100-2,000 Mbps | 100-2,000 Mbps |
| 5G (mmWave) | 100-3,000 Mbps | 50-500 Mbps |
| 5G (Sub-6) | 50-300 Mbps | 20-100 Mbps |
| 4G LTE | 10-50 Mbps | 5-25 Mbps |
| Satellite | 25-100 Mbps | 3-10 Mbps |
Storage Interface Speeds
| Interface | Maximum Velocidade | Prático Velocidade |
|---|---|---|
| SATA III | 6 Gbps (750 MB/s) | ~550 MB/s |
| USB 2.0 | 480 Mbps (60 MB/s) | ~35 MB/s |
| USB 3.0/3.1 Gen 1 | 5 Gbps (625 MB/s) | ~450 MB/s |
| USB 3.1 Gen 2 | 10 Gbps (1.25 GB/s) | ~1 GB/s |
| USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 | 20 Gbps (2.5 GB/s) | ~2 GB/s |
| PCIe 3.0 x4 | 32 Gbps (4 GB/s) | ~3.5 GB/s |
| PCIe 4.0 x4 | 64 Gbps (8 GB/s) | ~7 GB/s |
| Thunderbolt 3/4 | 40 Gbps (5 GB/s) | ~3 GB/s |
Wi-Fi Standards
| Padrão | Name | Max Velocidade | Typical Velocidade |
|---|---|---|---|
| 802.11n | Wi-Fi 4 | 600 Mbps | 50-100 Mbps |
| 802.11ac | Wi-Fi 5 | 3.5 Gbps | 100-400 Mbps |
| 802.11ax | Wi-Fi 6 | 9.6 Gbps | 200-600 Mbps |
| 802.11ax | Wi-Fi 6E | 9.6 Gbps | 500-1,000 Mbps |
| 802.11be | Wi-Fi 7 | 46 Gbps | 1,000-2,500 Mbps |
Actual Wi-Fi speeds depend heavily on distance, obstacles, interference, e connected devices.
Calculando Transfer Times
Formula
Tempo (seconds) = File Size (MB) ÷ Velocidade (MB/s)
Examples
- 50 GB game on 100 Mbps internet:
50,000 MB ÷ 12.5 MB/s = 4,000 seconds = ~67 minutes - 100 GB backup to USB 3.0 drive:
100,000 MB ÷ 400 MB/s = 250 seconds = ~4 minutes - 1 TB movie collection to NVMe SSD:
1,000,000 MB ÷ 3,000 MB/s = 333 seconds = ~5.5 minutes
Por que Speeds Vary
Sequential vs Random
- Sequential: Reading/writing large contiguous files (faster)
- Random: Small files scattered across o drive (slower)
SSDs might achieve 3,500 MB/s sequential but apenas 500 MB/s random.
Read vs Write
Write speeds são often slower than read speeds, especially for:
- Flash memory (SSDs, USB drives)
- Network uploads vs downloads
Conclusão
Data transfer speeds são measured in either bits per segundo (Mbps, Gbps) ou bytes per segundo (MB/s, GB/s). Divide Mbps by 8 to get MB/s. Real-mundo speeds são typically 50-80% of advertised maximums due to protocol overhead e outro factors. Understanding estes unidades helps you compare technologies, estimate transfer times, e make informed purchasing decisions.